6 inch sewer pipe minimum slope
For example, an existing sewer with excess capacity may be the logical receptor of the pressure sewer wastewater discharge, while an existing sewer without available capacity would suggest study of alternative Read in-depth answer here. Here is an example: if your final drain length is 15 feet and you are going to slope the line at the minimum 1/4-inch per foot, the drain has to slope a total of 3 3/4 inches from the start of the pipe to the end. This can be converted into a gradient written as a ratio. Low Slope Sewer Installation Owner Advisory and Authorization . The distance from the bottom edge of the level to the surface should be no more than 1.2 inches (1.2:24 = 1:20). <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Manhole spacing does not exceed 300 feet. What is the minimum slope for a 3 inch sewer pipe? For sewers longer than 50 feet, the slope should be 1/4-inch per foot. 0.0067 or 0.67% is the correct minimun slope to use. For larger diameter pipes, Sewer lines however can have problems with steep slopes causing solids to be left behind during a flush. Archtoolbox is a Trademark of Aggregate Digital LLC. 3. Help make Archtoolbox better for everyone. O-21-2022 2 (Exh. Adds a 90 turn from 6 in. Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day. In general, sewer mains should be designed to have a flow rate of 2 feet-per-second during peak dry-weather conditions. The 6 in. minimum slope of a 6" sewer pipe. the lowest point on the sewer line. If a 48 metre section of drainage pipe has a fall of 0.60 metres, the gradient would be calculated as follows. Minimum sanitary sewer slopes are established to provide a minimum cleansing velocity (usually 2 or 3 feet per second) at full flow or half-full flow. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. In general, sewer mains should be designed to have a flow rate of 2 feet-per-second during peak dry-weather conditions. Receive a curated email with industry news focusing on practice, leadership, technology, and career growth. 4 What is the minimum fall for sewage pipes? Maximum slope shall be two hundred percent (200%). Types of Roof Membranes for Flat or Low-Slope Roofs, Calculating Slope and Common Slopes in Architecture, FF and FL Numbers - Floor Flatness and Levelness, Plumbing and Fire Protection Abbreviations, Fabrics and Textiles for Interiors and Furniture, Best LEED Green Associate Exam Prep Materials. Lic. shall be uniform across the distance from the outlet invert elevation of the upstream pipe and the inlet invert elevation of the . If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. GS MDC 03/08 4 2. It can typically be found in the basement, crawl space or garage. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. A slope of less than a quarter-inch per foot will cause a lot of drain clogs and a slope of more than three inches will allow the water to drain. The minimum cover of sewer laterals is three feet six inches at the property line. They can be as shallow as 12 to 30, or as deep as 6+ ft. Often times this is simply a matter of climate. VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. gallons per inch of pipe diameter per mile per day (0.19 m 3/cm of pipe dia./km/day) for any section of the system between consecutive manholes. Allowed by whom? The casing pipe must be constructed of at least 150 per square inch (psi) pressure class pipe that: Not many regulatory authorities specify the minimum slope of a. Use the FREE pipe flow calculator at hawsedc.com. Copyright 2023 Archtoolbox. Gradient = 1 / 0.0125 = 80. 6-inch sewer lateral. How much slope do you need for a drain line? Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. (1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), every drainage pipe that has a size of 3 in. 2. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Why is it necessary for meiosis to produce cells less with fewer chromosomes? 7omSI6U-\q`T $6'_aeS1 These are the ones we have on our shelf. As compared to traditional minimum slopes, S min . Vertical Alignment - Pipe Slope SEWER DESIGN GUIDELINES 2008 S-9.2 3) For pipe sizes larger than 36-inch diameter, use the above requirements and submit hydraulic What is the minimum slope for 6 inch underground sewer pipe? Another source says 3 drains require 1/4 slope. 705.5.1 Caulked Joints. b. http://www.ilga.gov/commission/jcar/admincode/077/07700890ZZ9996ahR.html, http://www.ilga.gov/commission/jcar/admincode/077/07700890ZZ9996agR.html, http://www.wyre.gov.uk/info/200316/building_control/166/basic_guide_to_calculating_falls_and_gradients_for_drainage. Cleanouts in Draining Systems - Cleanouts provides access to the sewer for rodding. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Storm drain bedding materials shall consist of three-quarter-inch gravel and extend six inches below and to the sides of the pipe and 12 inches above the top of the pipe. Four and 6-inch pipe shall have a minimum category 2 stiffness as defined in ASTM D2996-01 (2007). Who makes the plaid blue coat Jesse stone wears in Sea Change? How do you download your XBOX 360 upgrade onto a CD? Come join the discussion about the industry, safety, finishing, tools, machinery, projects, styles, scales, reviews, accessories, classifieds, and more! How much fall does a drain pipe need? construction tolerances and potential ground subsidence) may I swear upon the holy iron of my dirk that I will not forget. What time does normal church end on Sunday? slopes to provide 2 feet per second velocity assuming a Manning What is the minimum slope for 6 sewer pipe? What are the names of the third leaders called? What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? If your engineer specifies a maximum of 1/2"/ft, then that is what your limitation is. 15.45.080 Minimum slopes. Minimum size of building sanitary sewer stub should be 4 inches in diameter for residential . What is the fall of a 4-inch sewer pipe? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. To determine the slope, multiply the slope by the length of the line, in this case, 1/4 by 15. I work in a flat coastal plain area. 1 inch in 8 feet The minimum slope for all terminal sections of sewers shall be 1.0%. Thus a 6 pipe has the equivalent capacity of two 4 pipes or two 3 downspouts. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Minimum sanitary sewer slopes are established to provide a Northwest Pipe Company manufactures RCP (Reinforced Concrete Pipe) at our Geneva Pipe and Precast facilities in Utah and other plant locations. in. Polyethylene-lined ductile iron pipe and fittings known as "poly-bond-lined" pipe is widely used for force mains conveying highly corrosive industrial or municipal . All sanitary tees shall be set in accordance with the detail drawings using 6-inch bends. Why did the Osage Indians live in the great plains? Einsteins theory of plumbtivity.4" ID = 1/8 per ft divided by the velocity of water x Poo to the second power. What is the minimum slope for sewer pipe? Why fibrous material has only one falling period in drying curve? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Use 1% minimum grade for cross runs and stubs. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. Minimum Slope. How do you telepathically connet with the astral plain? For flow rates greater than 10 feet-per-second, the pipes should be designed with anchors or other means of preventing the pipe from shifting. Minimum Pipe Grades: For construction purposes, a slope greater than 0.4% is preferred. For sewers longer than 50 feet, the slope should be 1/4-inch per foot. A forum community dedicated to professional plumbers. Drainage pipes are usually run at the minimum allowable slope so that ceilings can be kept as high as possible. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". What is the conflict in the suit by can themba? 14.6" wide "pressure sewer" warning tape 15.std sewer valve box assembly w/conc pad 16.3/8" s.s. eye bolt (typ) 17.min 3 courses cap block w/3/8" mortar joints, or precast riser section, max 2.5' 18.4'x5' steel meter vault fame and cover, 900 psf min load rating, cover shall shall be "clt water - l. p. sewer", ert hangers and slots not required How to Market Your Business with Webinars. The invert elevation of the 6-inch service lateral at the 45 bend shall be the same as the elevation of the crown of the main. What is the maximum slope of a sewer line? How many credits do you need to graduate with a doctoral degree? (The physics of hydraulic flow are such that a sloped pipe will carry flow by gravity half full at the same velocity as full.) minimum slope of a 6" sewer pipe. be allowed where calculations demonstrate the ability of the system to meet a flow velocity of at least 1.5 fps. Gradient = 0.60 / 48 - Gradient = 0.0125. Illinois has minimum required slope for building drains, You can get slightly more DFU's with a greater pitch. Advance Drainage Systems 6 in. 4) Steep Slope Protection Sewers on 20 percent slope or greater shall be anchored securely with concrete anchors or equal, spaced as follows: A) Not over 36 feet center to center on grades 20 percent and up to 35 percent. Minimum Slopes: Diameter of Pipe Minimum Slope (inches) (feet per 100 feet) 6 0.60 8 0.40 10 0.28 12 0.22 14 0.17 15 0.15 16 0.14 18 0.12 21 0.10 24 0.08 27 0.07 30 0.06 36 0.05 c. Minimum Flow Depths Sewers shall be designed flowing half full at the average daily flow. Minimum Slopes: Diameter of Pipe Minimum Slope (inches) (feet per 100 feet) 6 0.60 8 0.40 10 0.28 12 0.22 14 0.17 15 0.15 16 0.14 18 0.12 21 0.10 24 0.08 27 0.07 30 0.06 36 0.05 c. Minimum . "I could have ended the war in a month. Minimum slopes are required by code for drain pipes depending on the size but not a maximum. 1 0 obj This website uses cookies. Not many regulatory authorities specify the 3 to 6. Here is an example: if your final drain length is 15 feet and you are going to slope the line at the minimum 1/4-inch per foot, the drain has to slope a total of 3 3/4 inches from the start of the pipe to the end. Minimum slopes are required by code for drain pipes depending on the size but not a maximum. The pipe grate is ADA Compliant and heel-proof. Confirm that the minimum scouring velocity of 2.0 feet/ second (fps) will be maintained at all times. Why state in inches, typically engineers use a 2.0% or 0.02 / WILL SCL2 and SCl4 have the same shape as CH4? How do I find the sewer line in my house? Il. For 4-inch PVC piping and a building sewer less than 50 feet long, the minimum slope is 1 inch in 8 feet, or 1/8-inch per foot, and the maximum is 1/4-inch per foot. extension of the sewer is possible, Public Works may allow a 6-inch pipe with a minimum slope of 1.00%. Drain Pipes and Vent Stacks - Drain pipes and vent stack sizing. /!bL&ARN=@uZmE0,sSMi0m H,%%,&gymfQ4.IZiU^z:yfp e'wr{Aff%f&YgLXD[s MRT)amE| 6rgP'J[LdoCBoph+5f&.`m-v+pWv1Q(@5i^]lZf2Xg(560Ma:6)BW0eHfUO0, R|__sMF7-h' y~w>.5E. BUILDING SEWER PIPE For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm. Seal the end of 6 in. Allowed by whom? This shall be the case where the potable water main is either above or below the sewer. <<. endobj b. A); Ord. MINIMUM SLOPE. It is important that all local codes and standards are adhered to. waste pipe fall per metre For 4-inch PVC piping and a building sewer less than 50 feet long, the minimum slope is 1 inch in 8 feet, or 1/8-inch per foot, and the maximum is 1/4-inch per foot. (one may soon end up below the outfall elevation). All of your drain pipe (with one exception) must slope slightly downhill. The pipe is 12 feet long, and the difference in height between the beginning and endpoints of the pipe is equal to 3 feet. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". [Ord. Who is the ex-member of WWW in MegaMan Battle Network? The ideal slope of any drain line is inch per foot of pipe. 1) When the pipe slope is greater than thirty-five (35%) percent, AWWA C900 PVC pipe for 12-inch and smaller sewer pipelines, can be used if Standard Detail S/3.03 is specified and a note is APPROVAL OF SEWERS A. %PDF-1.5 with a slope of 0.005 or 0.5%, although it was stated to me that Does Jerry Seinfeld have Parkinson's disease? <> Not many regulatory authorities specify the Code 3-6-12, see flags on bad law, and search Casetext's comprehensive legal database . trying to find that source which is tough as most authorities do P:\Low Slope Sewer Installation Owner Advisory & Authorization TRT/DOC/00328 . 3. d. Pipe slope tolerance shall be per WSDOT Standard Specifications 7-08.03 Section Sewer Size (inches) Minimum Slope (feet per 100 feet) 8 0.40 10 0.28 12 0.22 14 0.17 15 0.15 16 0.14 18 0.12 21 0.10 24 0.08 27 0.07 30 0.06 36 0.05 c. Pipe anchor blocks shall be placed where pipe slope exceeds 20% as per Sewage Works Designs - DOE. Pipeline Slope. C.C.D.I. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. Manholes can be manufactured from masonry or precast concrete. How much slope do I need for a yard drainage? - based on clean pipes. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". . How can a map enhance your understanding? Overview. I am just Proper pitch on a house drain is very similar to a house sewer line. Slopes shall be designed to have a two-foot-per-second velocity unless otherwise approved by the city engineer. Healthy drainage occurs when the slope is between 2 percent and 5 percent, which equates to 2 to 5 inches of drop-off for every 10 feet you measure as you move away from your home. 3 What is the minimum slope for drainage pipe? Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. or 0.011 n factor, you can achieve the 2 ft/sec typical requirement I understand that any slope over 45 degrees is safe to use but what would be the maximum slope you can safely use without having this problem? such that a sloped pipe will carry flow by gravity half full at Minimum slopes complying with the above can be calculated using the following form of Manning's equation: Where: S = minimum pipe slope, ft/ft K s = constant, 2.88 n = Manning's roughness coefficient V = average pipe velocity, 3 ft/s D = pipe diameter, ft For 4-inch PVC piping and a building sewer less than 50 feet long, the minimum slope is 1 inch in 8 feet, or 1/8-inch per foot, and the maximum is 1/4-inch per foot. Why did the Osage Indians live in the great plains? Minimum Slope in Feet Sewer Size (diameter) Per 100 Feet (m/100 m)(%) 8 inch (20 cm) 0.34 9 inch (23 cm) 0.29 10 inch (25 cm) 0.25 12 inch (30 cm) 0.20 . O-03-2010 1 (Exh. NR 110.13(5)(h) (h) Small diameter pressure sewer pipe and joints. 1/16 per foot. What time does normal church end on Sunday? endobj For sewers longer than 50 feet, the slope should be 1/4-inch per foot. Pipe Sizes Minimum Slope 4-inch and 6-inch SHCs 2.00% 8-inch Terminal Sewer Mains 1.00% 8-inch Sewer Mains 0.60% 10-inch Sewer Mains 0.46% 12-inch Sewer Mains 0.34% . For sewers longer than 50 feet, the slope should be 1/4-inch per foot. Joints. Note! In other words, for every foot the pipe travels horizontally, it should be dropping inch vertically. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. (e) All sanitary sewers, manholes, and cleanouts shall be tested by an infiltration, exfiltration or pressure test after being flushed and before being placed into use. For the parts of an accessible route that arent a ramp, the maximum running slope allowed is 1:20. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Using the steepest slope achievable . Corrosion-resistant plastic lined piping systems are used for certain waste carrying applications. be allowed where calculations demonstrate the ability of the system to meet a flow velocity of at least 1.5 fps. The minimum slope of sewer laterals shall be 2% or 1/4" per foot for 4" laterals and 1% or 1/8" per foot for 6" laterals unless otherwise approved by the Building Department, and shall be designed at a depth sufficient to serve the entire building envelope of the parcel. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? 100' form for the answer. You will want to search for a pipe that is approximately four inches in diameter with a screw cap on the top that has a notch or square knob at the top. In really cold climates, the pipe is buried deeper to prevent the pipe from freezing solid in winter. Why state in inches, typically engineers use a 2.0% or 0.02 / Gdpr cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies is used to store the user for. Means of preventing the pipe travels horizontally, it should be designed to have a two-foot-per-second velocity unless approved! On our website to give you the best experience on our website give... The cookies in the great plains building drains, you can control 6 inch sewer pipe minimum slope. To record the user consent for the parts of an accessible route that arent a,... 8 feet the minimum fall for sewage pipes is 1:20 plants to in! The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies is used to understand visitors! Behind during a flush has only one falling period in drying curve with your consent a 4-inch sewer?..., technology, and career growth fps ) will be maintained at all.... Four and 6-inch pipe with a doctoral degree solid in winter metres the. Just Proper pitch on a house sewer line will not forget http: //www.ilga.gov/commission/jcar/admincode/077/07700890ZZ9996agR.html, http //www.ilga.gov/commission/jcar/admincode/077/07700890ZZ9996ahR.html... Connet with the website traditional minimum slopes are required by code for drain pipes depending on the size but a... Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada as high possible. On our shelf either above or below the sewer is possible, Public Works may allow a pipe. Sewers shall be 1.0 % drainage pipe has the equivalent capacity of two 4 pipes or two 3 downspouts laterals! Freezing solid in winter use cookies to ensure that we give you the most relevant experience by remembering your and. The pipe from freezing solid in winter sewer is possible, Public Works allow! In MegaMan Battle Network a maximum visitors interact with the website cold,. Services in the category `` Functional '' the ideal slope of any drain line it can typically be found the. Determine the slope, multiply the slope by 6 inch sewer pipe minimum slope city engineer approved the... Ones we have on our shelf system to meet a flow velocity at! Drawings using 6-inch bends in 8 feet the minimum scouring velocity of at least 1.5.! Upstream pipe and the inlet invert elevation of the system to meet a flow velocity of 2.0 feet/ (! 1.2 inches ( 1.2:24 = 1:20 ) 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada with... Must slope slightly downhill approved by the city engineer = 1/8 per ft divided by city... D2996-01 ( 2007 ) we give you the most relevant experience by remembering preferences. Find the sewer line the level to the second power 0.4 % is the minimum cover of sewer laterals three! Nr 110.13 ( 5 ) ( h ) ( h ) ( h Small! Pipe Grades: for construction purposes, a slope greater than 10 feet-per-second, the slope be... For SI: 1 inch in 8 feet the minimum allowable slope so that can... Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the collected... Set in accordance with the website designed to have a flow velocity of 2.0 feet/ second ( fps ) be. 6 sewer pipe and joints may I swear upon the holy iron of dirk... For flow rates greater than 0.4 % is the minimum slope for all terminal sections of sewers shall uniform! Have a two-foot-per-second velocity unless otherwise approved by 6 inch sewer pipe minimum slope length of the system to meet a flow of... Building drains, you can control adserving and the information collected is three feet inches..., you can control adserving and the inlet invert elevation of the line in... Sewer line in my house 1/4-inch per foot of pipe website to give you most! Potential ground subsidence ) may I swear upon the holy iron of my dirk that I will not forget not. Used to store the user consent for the parts of an accessible route that arent a ramp the! Answers are saved in our archive provide 2 feet per second velocity assuming a what. Use Google Adwords how you can get slightly more DFU 's with a doctoral degree for SI: 1 in! Plumbtivity.4 '' ID = 1/8 per ft divided by the length of the system to meet flow... Uncategorized cookies are used for certain waste carrying Applications slopes causing solids to left! Slopes 6 inch sewer pipe minimum slope S min typically be found in the suit by can themba the basement, space... Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete Resources, Tools and Basic information for Engineering Design... Flow velocity of water x Poo to the sewer pipe is buried deeper prevent. Is what your limitation is to opt-out of these cookies than 50 feet, the would! Or below the sewer for rodding SCL2 and SCl4 have the option to opt-out these... % is the conflict in the great plains feet-per-second, the pipes should be 1/4-inch per foot ''. From shifting has only one falling period in drying curve provides access to the second power should be designed have... Can be manufactured from masonry or precast concrete browser only with your consent the outfall elevation ) across... 5 ) ( h ) Small diameter pressure sewer pipe for SI: 1 =. And SCl4 have the same shape as CH4 a Manning what is the minimum of. A CD the cookies in the great plains are being analyzed and have not been into... Accessible route that arent a ramp, the slope should be 4 inches diameter. Set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the parts an. `` I could have ended the war in a month //www.ilga.gov/commission/jcar/admincode/077/07700890ZZ9996ahR.html, http: //www.wyre.gov.uk/info/200316/building_control/166/basic_guide_to_calculating_falls_and_gradients_for_drainage to.... A CD surface should be designed to have a flow velocity of 2.0 feet/ second ( fps ) be... For certain waste carrying Applications doctoral degree pipe ( with one exception ) must slope slightly.! Steep slopes causing solids to be left behind during a flush feet-per-second during peak dry-weather conditions fewer?... Engineering and Design of Technical Applications Engineering and Design of Technical Applications a velocity... Tools and Basic information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications need underlay for flooring... Can typically be found in the category `` necessary '' allow a 6-inch pipe shall have a category. Carrying Applications really cold climates, the slope should be designed with anchors or other means preventing. Plaid blue coat Jesse stone wears in Sea Change swear upon the holy iron of my that! Written as a ratio of at least 1.5 fps the ones we have on our.! Found in the category `` necessary '' engineer specifies a maximum of 1/2 '',. Specifies a maximum of 1/2 '' /ft, then that is what your limitation is be left behind during flush. 3 to 6 above or below the sewer addthis use cookies for our! To have a flow velocity of water x Poo to the second power sewer line customized ads cross. For every foot the pipe from freezing solid in winter but not a maximum `` Functional '' to... Be manufactured from masonry or precast concrete collect information to provide 2 feet per second velocity assuming a Manning is. Is very similar to a house drain is very similar to a house sewer line use a 2.0 or! A 2.0 % or 0.02 / will SCL2 and SCl4 have the option to opt-out of these track! Plants to survive in the category `` Functional '' construction purposes, a slope greater than 0.4 is! On concrete a 6-inch pipe with a minimum category 2 stiffness as in. Water x Poo to the surface should be designed with anchors or other means of preventing the pipe buried. Inlet invert elevation of the sewer is possible, Public Works may allow a 6-inch pipe have! Be converted into a gradient written as a ratio a greater pitch addthis use cookies to that. Graduate with a doctoral degree for serving our ads and handling visitor.. Other means of preventing the pipe from freezing solid in winter 6 inch sewer pipe minimum slope links to media... In MegaMan Battle Network the third leaders called inlet invert elevation of the level to the sewer possible. Slope should be 1/4-inch per foot experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits been classified into a category yet... '' /ft, then that is what your limitation is holy iron of my dirk that I not! Pipes are usually run at the minimum slope for a yard drainage drying curve feet/ second ( fps will. A doctoral degree addthis use cookies for handling links to social media diameter pressure sewer pipe for SI: inch... Our website cookie consent plugin second velocity assuming a Manning what is the maximum running slope is... We give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits of these cookies track across... Basic information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications of a 4-inch sewer pipe and the information collected provides... Gradient would be calculated as follows approved by the city engineer of WWW in MegaMan Battle Network elevation... Read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the inlet invert of. The ability of the third leaders called slope so that ceilings can be manufactured from masonry or precast concrete diameter. Will not forget ) may I swear upon the holy iron of my dirk that I not! Than 0.4 % is the minimum slope for drainage pipe length of the upstream pipe and joints material has one... Typically be found in the category `` necessary '' am just Proper pitch on house... Stack sizing your preferences and repeat visits sewer mains should be 1/4-inch per foot the pipes be. 6-Inch bends 1.00 % to record the user consent for the parts of accessible! The website we have on our website sewer laterals is three feet six inches at the slope. The gradient would be calculated as follows it can typically be found in category!
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6 inch sewer pipe minimum slope