Chicken feathers are cut Here, Thermoactinomyces sp. Increased ratio of C/N in soil also supported the plant growth promotion activity of feathers. INDIAN J BIOTECHNOL, OCTOBER 2011 504 Fig. Degradation Profile of Crude Keratinase and Protease on Chicken Feathers. A novel keratinolytic bacterium that possessed high affinity for black feather was isolated from chicken manure and identified as Pseudochrobactrum sp. Keratin is a durable and fibrous protein of hair, nails, horns, hoofs, feathers and the epithelial cells in the outermost layers of the skin. About 78.4 ± 2.4 and 63.6 ± 2.2 % reduction of 50 and 100 mg/l Cr(VI), respectively, was observed after 60 min of incubation with FPH. Poultry feathers consist mainly of the protein keratin, which is rich in β-pleated sheets and consequently resistant to proteolysis. Download Download PDF. 1998). Thermoactinomyces, known for its resistance to harsh environmental conditions and its ability to digest a wide range of hard-to-degrade compounds, completely degrades chicken feathers (Wang et al. Chicken feathers from broiler production houses was washed with water, dried, and rinsed with distilled water. Chicken feathers are predominantly composed of keratin; hence, valorizing the wastes becomes an imperative. Actinomycetes of the genus Streptomyces produce keratinases that have been used in feather degradation (Allure et al. The enzyme caused chicken feather degradation as shown in Fig 1b. Shazia Bokhari 1, Roheela Yasmeen 1, Aisha Waheed Qurashi 1, Samiya Habib 1, Uzma Rafi. Isolation of Keratinolytic from Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) Farms and Assessment of their Efficacy in Feathers Degradation . Ijeab Journal. Chicken feathers are predominantly composed of keratin; hence, valorizing the wastes becomes an imperative. Figure 4 shows the degradation profiles of chicken feathers by crude keratinase enzyme (2.000 U/ml) that was produced by M. fulvum IBRL SD3 and a commercial purified protease (0.500 U/ml, Sigma) for 10 days. the degradation of chicken feathers, as ample quantities of the enzymes were present in the cell-free broth. A recent study has reported that keratolytic bacteria degraded chicken feathers into keratin micro-particles to produce bioplastic 19. Recently, researchers using Keratin from chicken feathers is a by-product which is available in great amounts for making bioplastic. It has been shown that feather hydrolysate formed after degradation of feathers by bacteria and fungi can be employed as slow-release nitrogen fertilizer for plants. After two days of incubation at 37°C, colonies were streaked to Tryptic Soybean Agar (TSA) plates for observing single colonies. Degradation of feathers results in production of amino acids and peptides, which can be employed as precursors for plant growth-promoting metabolites such as indole acetic acid, ammonia and HCN. Feather chicken is a type of free-range chicken. Chicken feathers were previously washed and cleaned with detergent and tap water, followed by soaking in 70% ethanol for 1 h and drying. The collected feathers were sterilized using alcohol for 24 h, washed in an organic solvent soluble in water (please name the organic. Process for feather meal production comprised Chicken feathers (white) + distilled water; b. Ten (10) proteolytic bacteria evaluated on skimmed milk agar showed intact chicken feather degradation ranging from 33% (WDS-03) to 88% (FPS-09). An optimum effect at 37°C and pH 8.5 in a basal feather medium was found in the degradation process. Microbial growth study confirmed its capability to use chicken feathers as a sole carbon and nitrogen source which. A mong the strains with the best. Concentrations of total amino acids, cysteine, serine, and methionine were continuously monitored in the fermentation broth and reached to a maximum of 1.2mg/ml, 46µg/ml, 107µg/ml . Corresponding author's email: shaziabukhari@lgu.edu.pk, roheelayasmeen@lgu.edu.pk Citation | Bokhari. Feathers of broiler chicken were collected from Jaggi poultry farm, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur. A short summary of this paper. Materials and methods Micro-organisms The fungi used in this study were obtained from the following sources: isolates numbered6 to 21 are listed in Table 1. The intact chicken feathers were incubated with 0.06 mg enzyme at 60 °C with 5 mmol/L DTT. Unexpectedly, after 48 h of cultivation, nearly all chicken feathers were degraded, with the degradation rate of 81.8%, leaving only the scapus (9.1 g/L) in the culture, which is very difficult to. The degradation percentage (%) after 12 days of incubation revealed significant differences (P < 0.05).The percentage of degradation of chicken feathers, human hair, animal hair and human nail clippings treated was found to be 38.40 ± . The band (amide II) was in the range of 1580-1480 cm-1 is for -N-H banding and C-H stretching for wool and The present study focuses to assess the mechanical properties and ability of keratinolytic . waste chicken feathers degradation capability which is associated with keratinase production. strain CDF isolated from soil was found to completely degrade intact chicken feathers at 55 °C, with the resulting degradation products sufficient to support growth as . Medium alkalization may have facilitated the release of melanin embedded in feather matrix ( Gurav et al., 2016b ). Washed feathers were then used for the bacterial isolation with two methods: 1) Direct swabbing on the feather skin surface with 0.1% tween 80; 2 . Download Download PDF. Keratin was extracted from different segments of disposable waste chicken feathers (CF) including the whole feathers, calamus/rachis (β-sheet) and barbs/barbules (α-helix), using sodium sulfide and l-cysteine.The yield of extracted keratin from sodium sulfide and l-cysteine was ˜88% and ˜66% respectively.The mass ratio of feathers to reducing agent was 1:20 and the reaction temperature was . Keratinolytic bacteria were isolated and . chicken feather into small molecule such as amino acids. Fig 1. Soil sample was collected from Ghazipur poultry waste site, Ghaziabad, India, a feather dumping site. . Eight keratin-based polymers derived from chicken feathers were tested to determine their biodegradability. • The most effective strains were isolated from buzzard's and kestrel's pellets. Two native strains BF11 ( Bacillus subtilis ) and BF21 ( Bacillus cereus ) degrading keratin completely were characterized. A. tenuissima degraded feathers in soil and enhances nutritional value. Their disposal is a challenge because of the keratin which is an insoluble protein with cross-linking Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2013. 1 K.L. Keywords: Keratinolytic, Proteolysis, Chicken feather, Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus cereus How to cite this: Sutoyo S, Subandi S, Ardyati T and Suharjono S, 2019. College of Engineering, Vaddeswaram - 522 502, Guntur District (India) 2 College of Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam - 530 003 (India) Measurement of Chicken Feathers Degradation by Keratinolytic Fungi Keratinolytic fungal isolates have the potential to degrade chicken feathers waste using modified Matikevičienė et al. Preparation of Chicken Feathers as Ad-sorbent Chicken feathers were taken from a chicken farm in Wonorejo Village, Karanganyar, Central Java. 2(a-f)—Chicken feather degradation by B altitudinis GVC11: a. 2008). In the present study, we overexpressed . But, many studies that aimed to create a method to properly . Keywords: Feather, Degradation, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Keratinase ----- ----- Date of Submission: 16-10-2019 Date of acceptance: 31-10-2019 ----- ----- I. Here, Thermoactinomyces sp. As much as 100 mL of feather meal broth (FMB) media was transferred into Erlenmeyer flasks containing 0.5g sterile chicken feathers waste . How to Cite | Publication History | PlumX Article Matrix. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. the degradation of chicken feathers, as ample quantities of the enzymes were present in the cell-free broth. Isolation and identification of keratinolytic bacteria from Jember, Indonesia as a biodegradation agent of chicken feather wastes. Bacillus licheniformis from a polluted river exhibited high proteinase production when grown in chicken-feather media. Melanized chicken feathers induced a very high feather keratinase activity and a significant increase in pH from 7.5 to 8.9 was observed during degradation. The degradation of various keratinous waste substrates from Chrysosporium queenslandicum was accessed on the percent weight loss of substrates during treatment. Morphological Structure of Feather The chicken feather is composed of three distinct units: the The effects of initial pH and temperature on feather degradation by B. subtilis were investigated [50]. Soil sample were inoculated in three enrichment media and colonies producing clear zone in feather meal agar were selected and identified as B. megaterium SN1, B. thuringenesis SN2, B. Pumilis SN3 were able to degrade chicken and pigeon feathers. degradation of chicken feathers was performed in feather minimal medium (pH 7.5) in which chicken feather acts as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources. Despite their rigid structure, keratinase degrades feather keratin more efficiently than other proteases [ 4, 5 ]. 1 Lahore Garrison University, Lahore. Degradation of Chicken Feather a Poultry Waste Product by Keratinolytic Bacteria Isolated from Dumping Site at Ghazipur Poultry Processing Plant: Sarita Agrahari and Neeraj Wadhwa: Abstract: Feathers are byproduct waste of poultry processing plant and produced in large amount. β-keratins are extensively cross-linked within and between polypeptides through hydrogen and disulfide bonds, which makes them compact and resistant to degradation by most proteolytic enzymes (Gupta and Ramnani . Surprisingly, among all the tested strains, P. putida KT2440 demonstrated the highest chicken feather degradation capacity. This Paper. Aliquots were withdrawn aseptically from broth at regular time interval to investigate keratinase activity (Cai et al. Cultivation conditions affecting feather degradation by Bacillus sp. • The tested A. keratinophilus and Ch. A short summary of this paper. Feather degradation was a linear function of enzyme concentration and 2.5g chicken feather was degraded in presence of 1200U keratinase. Degradation of chicken feather (beta-keratin) as a substrate after incubation with GacK under the conditions with 50 mM Tris HCl pH 9 at different temperatures of 70, 100 and 130 °C for 1 h with four sets of experiments; buffer and 5% beta-mercaptoethanol as control, while buffer plus enzyme with and without 5% beta-mercaptoethanol are the . In view of this, we isolated keratinase-producing bacteria and identified them through the 16S rDNA sequence. chicken feathers in soil was investigated, which showed good plant growth promotion activity. Then the chicken feathers are cleaned of dirt and washed with water until clean until thesmell and dirt disappear. The feather protein hydrolysate (FPH) obtained after degradation of chicken feathers was utilized to reduce hexavalent chromium. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. Dimeric keratinase from Bacillus licheniformis ER-15 completely degraded 25g boiled native chicken feather to feather meal within 8h at pH 8, 50°C and 150rpm. Actinomadura keratinilyca Cpt29, accomplishing a total chicken feathers degradation in a period of 1.5 to 7 days [1,9,11,13,22,24,26,27]. Amino Acid Profile of the Feather Hydrolysate. 2015). After this, the feathers were autoclaved at 121 °C for 30 min to remove microorganism on degradation of feathers. Fermentation process conditions were optimized, and the amino acid compositions of the feather hydrolysate were likewise quantified. Strain improvement resulted in isolation of MBF11 and MBF21 from BF11 and BF21 isolates . chicken feather degradation by some fungal species of the genus Chrysosporium with special reference to C. georgiae. Feathers (composed of protein keratin) are metabolized by a number of microorganisms as a source of carbon and nitrogen. The isolated fungus was identified and characterized as A. flavus. FK 46 were investigated. tropicum strains are thermo-tolerance. • Feather weight loss after 8 weeks of culturing these fungi was 55-75%. This study aims to characterize keratin extracted from chicken and swiftlet feathers. isolation and test for keratinolytic fungal degradation activity. This can be useful in a number of ways. Chicken feathers are degraded mainly by physical methods (pressurized hydrolysis, and puffing) and chemical methods (acid and alkali) [ 11, 12, 13 ]. 2010a, b ). Fungi from pellets are active in biodegradation of chicken feathers. An optimum effect at 37°C and pH 8.5 in a basal feather medium was found in the degradation process. In the first experiment, isolation, characterization and potential utility of the fungal species for the degradation of chicken-feather waste was assessed in sub-merged and solid-state fermentation processes. Maximum enzyme activity was found to be 6.5 IU/ml on fifth day. The retrieved papers were managed using Mendeley and the data were consolidated. Background and objective: Waste chicken feather is an important waste product of the poultry processing industry and is annually produced in substantial amounts. This study aimed to screen and identify . They were obtained from the Mycological Rates of feather degradation and enzyme production maximized during the logarithmic phase of growth. Considering the difficulty to maintain under sterile conditions the strains with complex substrates, like chicken feathers, studies have been performed for their degradation using microbial consortia or mixed . A small percentage of feather waste is steamed, chemically treated . Chicken feather meal consists of processed chicken Feathers. al., 2005). A biodegradable alternative to plastic horticultural pots is being sought to reduce the landfilling of 1.8 trillion individual horticultural nursery pots that are discarded after use. The results showed that feather was almost completely degraded under the following conditions: 1% whole chicken feather as a substrate at the initial medium pH of 9 with 5% bacterial inoculum, at a temperature of 37 degrees C and a shaking speed of 250 . Keratin in animals mainly presents in vertebrates such as mammals, birds and reptiles including chicken and swiftlet. The bacterial isolates thrived on the keratinous biomass as the sole carbon and . Abstract However, due to insufficient recycling and waste management methods to cultivate this, chicken feathers are labelled as waste, instead. Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Keratin degrading microorganisms from Poultry soil and their Feather degradation Potential. In this work we aimed at feathers biodegradation by a selected bacterial strain capable of utilizing chicken feathers as sole carbon source Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Black chicken feathers generated in large amount from poultry and slaughter houses are highly recalcitrant to microbial degradation due to their tough structural nature. SCUT-3 was the most efficient; it could completely degrade both the plumage and shafts of white chicken feathers in 36 h in chicken feather medium (CFM). The bacterial isolates thrived on the keratinous biomass as the sole carbon and . Introduction Keratin-rich animal by-products such as chicken feathers, horns, and bristles are the third most plentiful renewable polymeric material current in nature after cellulose and . Other amino acids in considerable concentration include . Keratinase producing microorganisms are being increasingly utilized for degradation and recycling of poultry feather waste. Darah Ibrahim. reviewed papers in English on the microbial degradation of poultry feather were retrieved and evaluated based on titles and abstracts. The initial activity of crude keratinase on day 0 of the experiment was 1.66 U/g of fermented substrate, and then . The results revealed that a thermophilic bacterial isolate from chicken feather waste was used in the degradation of El-Shora, H.M., Ashour, S.A. and Ghanem, A.A., (1993) feather keratin using feathers as a primary source of Purification and Characterization of keratinase from energy and carbon. Introduction Chicken feather wastes are produced globally in high amounts from poultry farms and restaurants in towns and cities. Hence, wise management of this waste is desirable. Feathers are the major byproducts of poultry industry and considered as waste. Chicken feathers were mixed with soil and inoculated with spore suspension for degradation of complex keratin protein into simpler organic forms. Chicken feather degradation by Paeciliomyces sp. Bacillus licheniformis from a polluted river exhibited high proteinase production when grown in chicken-feather media. Microscopic and biochemical study as well as 16S rRNA gene analysis identified the bacterium as Pseuodomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion: Feather degradation property of B. subtilis PF1 could be efficiently utilized for feather waste manage-ment. In view of this, we isolated keratinase-producing bacteria and identified them through the 16S rDNA sequence. The addition of strain H328 cells (15 g) combined with acidulocomposting in the garbage machine resulted in 70% degradation of intact chicken feathers (30 g) within 14 d. This degradation efficiency is comparable to a previous result employing the strain as a single bacterium in flask culture, and it indicates that strain H328 can promote . Degradation of feathers by C. georgiae was affected by several cultural factors. The keratin of chicken feather 4,8,11,17 can be applied to develop biodegradable and environmentally safe bioplastic 18. Chicken Waste Management: Degradation. Our effort in discovering new valuable organism, A newly bacterium was isolated from chicken feathers enriched soil. The process condition for keratinase activity was optimized, and electron micrography of the degradation timelines was determined. for chicken feather degradation agent. Biodegradation processes of chicken feathers with the greatest international impact use pure strains, which have been isolated from wastes of poultry farms. Full PDF Package Download Full PDF Package. Sreenivasulu 1 *, R. B. Choudary 1, V. Chandra Prakash 1 And N. M. R. Bhargava 2. The chicken feathers were collected from local poultry farm. The degradation rate of the coculture system reached 55.2% because of higher keratinase and protease activities. Bacillus subtilis effectively degraded the chicken feathers within 17 days. Liquid media to produce the keratinase enzyme, as well for degradation of feather in broth was prepared similar to feather agar, except omitting agar. 571 attributed to -CO- stretching (amide I) which occurred in the range of 1700-1600 cm-1 (Mohanty et. 2015). Feather degradation The feather degradation was carried out in sterilized liquid BSM containing native chicken feathers (1% w/v) inoculated with Klebsiella sp BTSUK and incubated on rotary (140 rpm) at 37 °C. The degradation of chicken feather wastes require microorganisms which actively degrade especially keratin compounds, as well as other proteins and blood. The ability to decompose feathers is uncommon among bacteria, because feathers contain <90% β-keratin by mass (Onifade et al. (0.1), chicken feather (10), and agar (10) at pH 7.2. Five-gram feathers in 250 g soil mixtures were found better growth enhancers and increased height. Although many keratinases have been identified, the reasons for their substrate specificity towards β-keratin remain unclear due to difficulties in preparing a soluble feather keratin substrate for use in activity assays. The native strains produced more than 10 KU/mL of enzyme. The process condition for keratinase activity was optimized, and electron micrography of the degradation timelines was determined. The present study deals with identification of fungi that play a significant role in the degradation of chicken feather and keratin degradation ability of the isolated fungi. This Paper. Results: B. licheniformis BBE11-1 and S. maltophilia BBE11-1 were used to degrade 50 g/L chicken feather waste in batches, and the degradation rates were 35.4% and 22.8% in 96 h, respectively. Chicken feathers When the bacterial strain was inoculated into the mineral media containing waste chicken feathers as the sole carbon source . The analysis of the hydrolysate (with protein value of 50.32%) generated from chicken feathers degradation by keratinolytic C. aquifrigidense FANN1 showed various amino acids (total concentration of 23.25%), with a relatively higher concentration of arginine (2.25%) and serine (2.03%). strain CDF isolated from soil was found to completely degrade intact chicken feathers at 55 °C, with the resulting degradation products sufficient to support growth as . Chicken feathers, as some might know, are a rich source of protein. The result for FTIR study indicated a pronounced with control Bacillus treated feather samples. Chicken feather contains 90% keratin which is highly disulfide-bonded and resistant to degradation when treated with various proteases such as papain, pepsin, and trypsin [ 2, 3, 4 ]. Chicken feathers (made up of keratin) contain approximately 15% nitrogen, which can be used as a fertilizer for plants (Jeong et al. Highest keratinolytic activity occurred after 3 weeks of incubation at 6 and 8 pH at 30 degrees C. Chrysosporium georgiae was able to degrade white chicken feathers, whereas bovine and human hair and sheep wool were not degraded and did not support fungal growth. Bacterial soil enrichment and isolates: (a) Chicken feather and moisturized soil before incubation, (b) Chicken feather and moisturized soil after 1 month incubation, (c) Bacterial colonies on skim-milk medium, and (d) Aerobic cultivation with moderately thermophilic strain H328 at 55°C for 6 days led to the apparently complete decay of the truly intact feathers and provided 1.89 mmol free amino acids and 7.32 mmol acid-hydrolyzed amino . In vitro degradation of chicken feather paper by Bacillus subtilis. IY-BUK1. The meal has a 12% fat content, which could be used as a nonfood feedstock to make biodiesel. The ability of the selected isolate to degrade the chicken feather was optimized according to the determination of significant parameters influencing the process particularly the size of the bacterial inoculum, incubation time, temperature and the pH. Full PDF Package Download Full PDF Package. The feathers were incubated at 45oC for 2 days until dry and ready to be mashed into chicken feather flour with size of less than 200 µm. Numerous bacteria and fungi exhibited capabilities to degrade chicken feathers by secreting enzymes such as keratinases, and accumulated evidence shows that feather-containing wastes can be converted into value-added products. Collected chicken feathers (white and white/black) from a poultry farm located in Dhruma, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were washed from any impurities and debris several times with sterile distilled water. Microsporum fulvum IBRL SD3: As Novel Isolate for Chicken Feathers Degradation. The effects of initial pH and temperature on feather degradation by B. subtilis were investigated [50]. The sustainable and practical degradation of intact chicken feathers by a newly isolated thermophilic bacterium Meiothermus ruber H328 was presented with extensive data. Among these isolates, Streptomyces sp. However, these methods have limitations such as high energy consumption during the production process and substantial of damage to the products [ 14 ]. (2009) method. Keywords: Bacillus, Chicken feathers, Keratin, Degradation, Animal feeds supplements 1.

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