allpairs=TRUE. r<-raster(ncol=10, nrow=10) ncell(r) ## [1] 100 hasValues(r) ## [1] FALSE # use the 'values' function # e.g., values(r)<-1:ncell(r) # or set.seed(0) values(r)<-runif(ncell(r)) hasValues(r) ## [1] TRUE That is why when we made the raster we set the values of the whole raster to 0 instead of leaving them as NA setValues(r… Are there linguistic reasons for the Dormouse to be treated like a piece of furniture in ‘Wonderland?’, Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm - Significantly slower than Python. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Setting and accessing values is illustrated below. Which governors can flip the Senate as of March 2021? Tạo raster trong tính năng R - distance to line 4 Tôi có một số tính năng dòng (ví dụ: isobath 1000 mét) và tôi muốn tạo một tệp raster cho khu vực nghiên cứu của mình trong đó giá trị của mỗi ô là khoảng cách đến tính năng dòng. The module may calculate the distance either downstream or upstream. Description. Does the industry continue to produce outdated architecture CPUs with leading-edge process? The geosphere package has six different functions to compute distance between two points with angular coordinates. Why don't currents due to revolution of electrons add up? Hello all, I have a problem with map algebra in raster calculator. raster-package 7 •Model predictions •Summarizing raster values •Easy access to raster cell-values •Plotting (making maps) •Manipulation of raster extent, resolution and origin The first line loads the package gdistance, which automatically loads the package raster as well. Is there any function? The upstream method calculates the distance to the local maximum or divide.Opposite to downstream method, where every cell has one and only one downstreamcell, in upstr… What does the concept of an "infinite universe" actually mean? Could my employer match contribution have caused me to have an excess 401K contribution? The third line assigns the values 1 to 9 as the values of the cells. Join Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and build your career. raster — Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. We can use the following two functions: The main function to calculate the distance can be called in the same way as in the previous example in two dimensions, with the sole difference that now the points are defined by three coordinates representing x, y and z, as shown in the example below: The equations used in this answer are described in various textbooks and can be found, e.g., here and here. In all other cases it is in … Thus, straight line distance results in impossible movements overland. Distance … The resolution of the raster can be controlled with the Output cell size parameter or the Cell Size environment. points b and c can determine a line l. Then the distance from a to l. Is there an easy way to get the coordinates of the point on the line that the point is nearest to? Mask raster by the geometry of the polygon. By default, the resolution will be determined by the shorter of the width or height of the extent of input … Distances are fundamental to geospa- At the end of the lecture, you should be able to: ... of the line and the distances between the samples as the real shortest path between two points is not a straight line in lat-long, while the distance we just calculated is the shortest path. One way to estimate distances in R, is through the use of the gdistance library. If we were able to prove that the Universe is infinite, wouldn't that statistically prove that there is no other forms of life? I mean in 2 dimensional case. See the gdistance package for more advanced distances, and the geosphere package for great-circle distances (and more) between points in longitude/latitude coordinates. "translated from the Spanish"? data.table vs dplyr: can one do something well the other can't or does poorly? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. 1. Load the libraries. A source raster can be easily created using the extraction tools. Is there a historical reason why we say "C sharp" but notate on the staff "sharp C"? Why do translations refer to the original language with a definite article, e.g. The following function can be used to calculate the distance d of the point a from the line defined by the two points b and c : dist2d <- function (a,b,c) { v1 <- b - c v2 <- a - b m <- cbind (v1,v2) d <- abs (det (m))/sqrt (sum (v1*v1)) } Here is an example showing how the function can be applied: In this post we show some simple (and not-so-simple) examples of how to work with raster data in R with a focus on the raster package. straight-line distance) is calculated between each grid cell and the nearest 'target cell' in the input image. how to use R to calculate the distance from a to this line? This function basically extends the rasterize function available in the raster package. Three of these aproximate the earth as a sphere, these function implement, in order of increasing complexity of the algorithm, the ‘Spherical law of cosines’, the ‘Haversine’ method (Sinnott, 1984) and the ‘Vincenty Sphere’ method (Vincenty, 1975). For a single RasterLayer ( y is missing) this method computes the distance, for all cells that are NA , to the nearest cell that is not NA . The Euclidean distance tools describe each cell's relationship to a source or a set of sources based on the straight-line distance. Cells that have NoData values are not included in the source set. Filename for the output RasterLayer (optional), Logical. However, since we are working off of point objects (and not an existing raster as was the case in the previous example), we will need to create a blank raster layer which will define the extent of the Euclidean distance raster output. Rotation could be done around selected points, such as centroids (right panel of Figure 5.5 ). Introduction: The Crow, the Wolf, and the Drunkard This article describes gdistance, a package written for use in the R environment (R Develop-ment Core Team2012). Example of usage: What is the distance to the closest town? The cost distance raster. In the following example, distances to points (25,30) and (87,80) are computed for each output cell. When calculating distance from line features, you must first convert the vector data to a raster grid. The origin in this case is at 0 degrees longitude (the Prime Meridian) and 0 degree latitude (the Equator) in a geographic (‘lon/lat’) CRS (Figure 2.1, left panel). Reload to refresh your session. The following function can be used to calculate the distance d of the point a from the line defined by the two points b and c : Here is an example showing how the function can be applied: In three dimensions, the problem is slightly more complicated. rev 2021.3.9.38752, Stack Overflow works best with JavaScript enabled, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Programming & related technical career opportunities, Recruit tech talent & build your employer brand, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. The resulting object is inspected in the fourth line. An "object" is defined as all the grid cells that have the same category number, and closest means having the shortest "straight-line" distance. The function calculates the distance from a set of points to all cells of a Raster* object. The distance unit is in meters if the RasterLayer is not projected (+proj=longlat) and in map units (typically also meters) when it is projected.
メタトロン フルオート ランバー,
東日本 大震災 当時の状況,
ギルティクラウン Art 歌 変化,
梟谷 メンバー 声優,
オレンジ くん アスレチック,
Akane Liv 輝馬,
ニンジャ スレイヤー Wiki,
カフェ テラス ダッカ テラめし,
" />
allpairs=TRUE. r<-raster(ncol=10, nrow=10) ncell(r) ## [1] 100 hasValues(r) ## [1] FALSE # use the 'values' function # e.g., values(r)<-1:ncell(r) # or set.seed(0) values(r)<-runif(ncell(r)) hasValues(r) ## [1] TRUE That is why when we made the raster we set the values of the whole raster to 0 instead of leaving them as NA setValues(r… Are there linguistic reasons for the Dormouse to be treated like a piece of furniture in ‘Wonderland?’, Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm - Significantly slower than Python. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Setting and accessing values is illustrated below. Which governors can flip the Senate as of March 2021? Tạo raster trong tính năng R - distance to line 4 Tôi có một số tính năng dòng (ví dụ: isobath 1000 mét) và tôi muốn tạo một tệp raster cho khu vực nghiên cứu của mình trong đó giá trị của mỗi ô là khoảng cách đến tính năng dòng. The module may calculate the distance either downstream or upstream. Description. Does the industry continue to produce outdated architecture CPUs with leading-edge process? The geosphere package has six different functions to compute distance between two points with angular coordinates. Why don't currents due to revolution of electrons add up? Hello all, I have a problem with map algebra in raster calculator. raster-package 7 •Model predictions •Summarizing raster values •Easy access to raster cell-values •Plotting (making maps) •Manipulation of raster extent, resolution and origin The first line loads the package gdistance, which automatically loads the package raster as well. Is there any function? The upstream method calculates the distance to the local maximum or divide.Opposite to downstream method, where every cell has one and only one downstreamcell, in upstr… What does the concept of an "infinite universe" actually mean? Could my employer match contribution have caused me to have an excess 401K contribution? The third line assigns the values 1 to 9 as the values of the cells. Join Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and build your career. raster — Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. We can use the following two functions: The main function to calculate the distance can be called in the same way as in the previous example in two dimensions, with the sole difference that now the points are defined by three coordinates representing x, y and z, as shown in the example below: The equations used in this answer are described in various textbooks and can be found, e.g., here and here. In all other cases it is in … Thus, straight line distance results in impossible movements overland. Distance … The resolution of the raster can be controlled with the Output cell size parameter or the Cell Size environment. points b and c can determine a line l. Then the distance from a to l. Is there an easy way to get the coordinates of the point on the line that the point is nearest to? Mask raster by the geometry of the polygon. By default, the resolution will be determined by the shorter of the width or height of the extent of input … Distances are fundamental to geospa- At the end of the lecture, you should be able to: ... of the line and the distances between the samples as the real shortest path between two points is not a straight line in lat-long, while the distance we just calculated is the shortest path. One way to estimate distances in R, is through the use of the gdistance library. If we were able to prove that the Universe is infinite, wouldn't that statistically prove that there is no other forms of life? I mean in 2 dimensional case. See the gdistance package for more advanced distances, and the geosphere package for great-circle distances (and more) between points in longitude/latitude coordinates. "translated from the Spanish"? data.table vs dplyr: can one do something well the other can't or does poorly? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. 1. Load the libraries. A source raster can be easily created using the extraction tools. Is there a historical reason why we say "C sharp" but notate on the staff "sharp C"? Why do translations refer to the original language with a definite article, e.g. The following function can be used to calculate the distance d of the point a from the line defined by the two points b and c : dist2d <- function (a,b,c) { v1 <- b - c v2 <- a - b m <- cbind (v1,v2) d <- abs (det (m))/sqrt (sum (v1*v1)) } Here is an example showing how the function can be applied: In this post we show some simple (and not-so-simple) examples of how to work with raster data in R with a focus on the raster package. straight-line distance) is calculated between each grid cell and the nearest 'target cell' in the input image. how to use R to calculate the distance from a to this line? This function basically extends the rasterize function available in the raster package. Three of these aproximate the earth as a sphere, these function implement, in order of increasing complexity of the algorithm, the ‘Spherical law of cosines’, the ‘Haversine’ method (Sinnott, 1984) and the ‘Vincenty Sphere’ method (Vincenty, 1975). For a single RasterLayer ( y is missing) this method computes the distance, for all cells that are NA , to the nearest cell that is not NA . The Euclidean distance tools describe each cell's relationship to a source or a set of sources based on the straight-line distance. Cells that have NoData values are not included in the source set. Filename for the output RasterLayer (optional), Logical. However, since we are working off of point objects (and not an existing raster as was the case in the previous example), we will need to create a blank raster layer which will define the extent of the Euclidean distance raster output. Rotation could be done around selected points, such as centroids (right panel of Figure 5.5 ). Introduction: The Crow, the Wolf, and the Drunkard This article describes gdistance, a package written for use in the R environment (R Develop-ment Core Team2012). Example of usage: What is the distance to the closest town? The cost distance raster. In the following example, distances to points (25,30) and (87,80) are computed for each output cell. When calculating distance from line features, you must first convert the vector data to a raster grid. The origin in this case is at 0 degrees longitude (the Prime Meridian) and 0 degree latitude (the Equator) in a geographic (‘lon/lat’) CRS (Figure 2.1, left panel). Reload to refresh your session. The following function can be used to calculate the distance d of the point a from the line defined by the two points b and c : Here is an example showing how the function can be applied: In three dimensions, the problem is slightly more complicated. rev 2021.3.9.38752, Stack Overflow works best with JavaScript enabled, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Programming & related technical career opportunities, Recruit tech talent & build your employer brand, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. The resulting object is inspected in the fourth line. An "object" is defined as all the grid cells that have the same category number, and closest means having the shortest "straight-line" distance. The function calculates the distance from a set of points to all cells of a Raster* object. The distance unit is in meters if the RasterLayer is not projected (+proj=longlat) and in map units (typically also meters) when it is projected.
メタトロン フルオート ランバー,
東日本 大震災 当時の状況,
ギルティクラウン Art 歌 変化,
梟谷 メンバー 声優,
オレンジ くん アスレチック,
Akane Liv 輝馬,
ニンジャ スレイヤー Wiki,
カフェ テラス ダッカ テラめし,
" />
allpairs=TRUE. r<-raster(ncol=10, nrow=10) ncell(r) ## [1] 100 hasValues(r) ## [1] FALSE # use the 'values' function # e.g., values(r)<-1:ncell(r) # or set.seed(0) values(r)<-runif(ncell(r)) hasValues(r) ## [1] TRUE That is why when we made the raster we set the values of the whole raster to 0 instead of leaving them as NA setValues(r… Are there linguistic reasons for the Dormouse to be treated like a piece of furniture in ‘Wonderland?’, Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm - Significantly slower than Python. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Setting and accessing values is illustrated below. Which governors can flip the Senate as of March 2021? Tạo raster trong tính năng R - distance to line 4 Tôi có một số tính năng dòng (ví dụ: isobath 1000 mét) và tôi muốn tạo một tệp raster cho khu vực nghiên cứu của mình trong đó giá trị của mỗi ô là khoảng cách đến tính năng dòng. The module may calculate the distance either downstream or upstream. Description. Does the industry continue to produce outdated architecture CPUs with leading-edge process? The geosphere package has six different functions to compute distance between two points with angular coordinates. Why don't currents due to revolution of electrons add up? Hello all, I have a problem with map algebra in raster calculator. raster-package 7 •Model predictions •Summarizing raster values •Easy access to raster cell-values •Plotting (making maps) •Manipulation of raster extent, resolution and origin The first line loads the package gdistance, which automatically loads the package raster as well. Is there any function? The upstream method calculates the distance to the local maximum or divide.Opposite to downstream method, where every cell has one and only one downstreamcell, in upstr… What does the concept of an "infinite universe" actually mean? Could my employer match contribution have caused me to have an excess 401K contribution? The third line assigns the values 1 to 9 as the values of the cells. Join Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and build your career. raster — Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. We can use the following two functions: The main function to calculate the distance can be called in the same way as in the previous example in two dimensions, with the sole difference that now the points are defined by three coordinates representing x, y and z, as shown in the example below: The equations used in this answer are described in various textbooks and can be found, e.g., here and here. In all other cases it is in … Thus, straight line distance results in impossible movements overland. Distance … The resolution of the raster can be controlled with the Output cell size parameter or the Cell Size environment. points b and c can determine a line l. Then the distance from a to l. Is there an easy way to get the coordinates of the point on the line that the point is nearest to? Mask raster by the geometry of the polygon. By default, the resolution will be determined by the shorter of the width or height of the extent of input … Distances are fundamental to geospa- At the end of the lecture, you should be able to: ... of the line and the distances between the samples as the real shortest path between two points is not a straight line in lat-long, while the distance we just calculated is the shortest path. One way to estimate distances in R, is through the use of the gdistance library. If we were able to prove that the Universe is infinite, wouldn't that statistically prove that there is no other forms of life? I mean in 2 dimensional case. See the gdistance package for more advanced distances, and the geosphere package for great-circle distances (and more) between points in longitude/latitude coordinates. "translated from the Spanish"? data.table vs dplyr: can one do something well the other can't or does poorly? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. 1. Load the libraries. A source raster can be easily created using the extraction tools. Is there a historical reason why we say "C sharp" but notate on the staff "sharp C"? Why do translations refer to the original language with a definite article, e.g. The following function can be used to calculate the distance d of the point a from the line defined by the two points b and c : dist2d <- function (a,b,c) { v1 <- b - c v2 <- a - b m <- cbind (v1,v2) d <- abs (det (m))/sqrt (sum (v1*v1)) } Here is an example showing how the function can be applied: In this post we show some simple (and not-so-simple) examples of how to work with raster data in R with a focus on the raster package. straight-line distance) is calculated between each grid cell and the nearest 'target cell' in the input image. how to use R to calculate the distance from a to this line? This function basically extends the rasterize function available in the raster package. Three of these aproximate the earth as a sphere, these function implement, in order of increasing complexity of the algorithm, the ‘Spherical law of cosines’, the ‘Haversine’ method (Sinnott, 1984) and the ‘Vincenty Sphere’ method (Vincenty, 1975). For a single RasterLayer ( y is missing) this method computes the distance, for all cells that are NA , to the nearest cell that is not NA . The Euclidean distance tools describe each cell's relationship to a source or a set of sources based on the straight-line distance. Cells that have NoData values are not included in the source set. Filename for the output RasterLayer (optional), Logical. However, since we are working off of point objects (and not an existing raster as was the case in the previous example), we will need to create a blank raster layer which will define the extent of the Euclidean distance raster output. Rotation could be done around selected points, such as centroids (right panel of Figure 5.5 ). Introduction: The Crow, the Wolf, and the Drunkard This article describes gdistance, a package written for use in the R environment (R Develop-ment Core Team2012). Example of usage: What is the distance to the closest town? The cost distance raster. In the following example, distances to points (25,30) and (87,80) are computed for each output cell. When calculating distance from line features, you must first convert the vector data to a raster grid. The origin in this case is at 0 degrees longitude (the Prime Meridian) and 0 degree latitude (the Equator) in a geographic (‘lon/lat’) CRS (Figure 2.1, left panel). Reload to refresh your session. The following function can be used to calculate the distance d of the point a from the line defined by the two points b and c : Here is an example showing how the function can be applied: In three dimensions, the problem is slightly more complicated. rev 2021.3.9.38752, Stack Overflow works best with JavaScript enabled, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Programming & related technical career opportunities, Recruit tech talent & build your employer brand, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. The resulting object is inspected in the fourth line. An "object" is defined as all the grid cells that have the same category number, and closest means having the shortest "straight-line" distance. The function calculates the distance from a set of points to all cells of a Raster* object. The distance unit is in meters if the RasterLayer is not projected (+proj=longlat) and in map units (typically also meters) when it is projected.
r.distance locates the closest points between "objects" in two raster maps. Is there ~ Distance between two points within a polygon (or raster value) in R Export the distance as a raster. The distance unit is in meters if the RasterLayer is not projected ( +proj=longlat) and in map units (typically also meters) when it is projected. The Euclidean distance (i.e. If both sets have the same number of points, the distance between each point and the corresponding point in the other set is given, except if allpairs=TRUE.
r<-raster(ncol=10, nrow=10) ncell(r) ## [1] 100 hasValues(r) ## [1] FALSE # use the 'values' function # e.g., values(r)<-1:ncell(r) # or set.seed(0) values(r)<-runif(ncell(r)) hasValues(r) ## [1] TRUE That is why when we made the raster we set the values of the whole raster to 0 instead of leaving them as NA setValues(r… Are there linguistic reasons for the Dormouse to be treated like a piece of furniture in ‘Wonderland?’, Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm - Significantly slower than Python. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Setting and accessing values is illustrated below. Which governors can flip the Senate as of March 2021? Tạo raster trong tính năng R - distance to line 4 Tôi có một số tính năng dòng (ví dụ: isobath 1000 mét) và tôi muốn tạo một tệp raster cho khu vực nghiên cứu của mình trong đó giá trị của mỗi ô là khoảng cách đến tính năng dòng. The module may calculate the distance either downstream or upstream. Description. Does the industry continue to produce outdated architecture CPUs with leading-edge process? The geosphere package has six different functions to compute distance between two points with angular coordinates. Why don't currents due to revolution of electrons add up? Hello all, I have a problem with map algebra in raster calculator. raster-package 7 •Model predictions •Summarizing raster values •Easy access to raster cell-values •Plotting (making maps) •Manipulation of raster extent, resolution and origin The first line loads the package gdistance, which automatically loads the package raster as well. Is there any function? The upstream method calculates the distance to the local maximum or divide.Opposite to downstream method, where every cell has one and only one downstreamcell, in upstr… What does the concept of an "infinite universe" actually mean? Could my employer match contribution have caused me to have an excess 401K contribution? The third line assigns the values 1 to 9 as the values of the cells. Join Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and build your career. raster — Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. We can use the following two functions: The main function to calculate the distance can be called in the same way as in the previous example in two dimensions, with the sole difference that now the points are defined by three coordinates representing x, y and z, as shown in the example below: The equations used in this answer are described in various textbooks and can be found, e.g., here and here. In all other cases it is in … Thus, straight line distance results in impossible movements overland. Distance … The resolution of the raster can be controlled with the Output cell size parameter or the Cell Size environment. points b and c can determine a line l. Then the distance from a to l. Is there an easy way to get the coordinates of the point on the line that the point is nearest to? Mask raster by the geometry of the polygon. By default, the resolution will be determined by the shorter of the width or height of the extent of input … Distances are fundamental to geospa- At the end of the lecture, you should be able to: ... of the line and the distances between the samples as the real shortest path between two points is not a straight line in lat-long, while the distance we just calculated is the shortest path. One way to estimate distances in R, is through the use of the gdistance library. If we were able to prove that the Universe is infinite, wouldn't that statistically prove that there is no other forms of life? I mean in 2 dimensional case. See the gdistance package for more advanced distances, and the geosphere package for great-circle distances (and more) between points in longitude/latitude coordinates. "translated from the Spanish"? data.table vs dplyr: can one do something well the other can't or does poorly? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. 1. Load the libraries. A source raster can be easily created using the extraction tools. Is there a historical reason why we say "C sharp" but notate on the staff "sharp C"? Why do translations refer to the original language with a definite article, e.g. The following function can be used to calculate the distance d of the point a from the line defined by the two points b and c : dist2d <- function (a,b,c) { v1 <- b - c v2 <- a - b m <- cbind (v1,v2) d <- abs (det (m))/sqrt (sum (v1*v1)) } Here is an example showing how the function can be applied: In this post we show some simple (and not-so-simple) examples of how to work with raster data in R with a focus on the raster package. straight-line distance) is calculated between each grid cell and the nearest 'target cell' in the input image. how to use R to calculate the distance from a to this line? This function basically extends the rasterize function available in the raster package. Three of these aproximate the earth as a sphere, these function implement, in order of increasing complexity of the algorithm, the ‘Spherical law of cosines’, the ‘Haversine’ method (Sinnott, 1984) and the ‘Vincenty Sphere’ method (Vincenty, 1975). For a single RasterLayer ( y is missing) this method computes the distance, for all cells that are NA , to the nearest cell that is not NA . The Euclidean distance tools describe each cell's relationship to a source or a set of sources based on the straight-line distance. Cells that have NoData values are not included in the source set. Filename for the output RasterLayer (optional), Logical. However, since we are working off of point objects (and not an existing raster as was the case in the previous example), we will need to create a blank raster layer which will define the extent of the Euclidean distance raster output. Rotation could be done around selected points, such as centroids (right panel of Figure 5.5 ). Introduction: The Crow, the Wolf, and the Drunkard This article describes gdistance, a package written for use in the R environment (R Develop-ment Core Team2012). Example of usage: What is the distance to the closest town? The cost distance raster. In the following example, distances to points (25,30) and (87,80) are computed for each output cell. When calculating distance from line features, you must first convert the vector data to a raster grid. The origin in this case is at 0 degrees longitude (the Prime Meridian) and 0 degree latitude (the Equator) in a geographic (‘lon/lat’) CRS (Figure 2.1, left panel). Reload to refresh your session. The following function can be used to calculate the distance d of the point a from the line defined by the two points b and c : Here is an example showing how the function can be applied: In three dimensions, the problem is slightly more complicated. rev 2021.3.9.38752, Stack Overflow works best with JavaScript enabled, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Programming & related technical career opportunities, Recruit tech talent & build your employer brand, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. The resulting object is inspected in the fourth line. An "object" is defined as all the grid cells that have the same category number, and closest means having the shortest "straight-line" distance. The function calculates the distance from a set of points to all cells of a Raster* object. The distance unit is in meters if the RasterLayer is not projected (+proj=longlat) and in map units (typically also meters) when it is projected.
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