var tooltip = document.createElement('div'), arrow = document.createElement('div'), inner = document.createElement('div'), new_tooltip = {}; This was an important contribution to astronomy and the philosophy of science and some scholars have thus referred to this new approach as the first scientific revolution. Kids learn about the history of Ancient Mesopotamia, the cradle of civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Around 2330: Mesopotamia is conquered by the Akkadians. if (!no_error) { [59], From the many subsequent periods before the ascendency of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Mesopotamian art survives in a number of forms: cylinder seals, relatively small figures in the round, and reliefs of various sizes, including cheap plaques of moulded pottery for the home, some religious and some apparently not. Your email address will not be published. Of all the cultures of the ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, Assyria is considered to be the greatest. At that time, Babylon seems to have been a minor city or perhaps a large port town on the Euphrates River at the point where it runs closest to the river Tigris. The Sumerians were a people living in Mesopotamia from the 27th-20th century BCE. And why now? var getCookie = function(name) { These leaders built the empire into one of the most powerful empires in the world. A modern satellite view of Mesopotamia (October 2020). } else if (input.type == 'radio' || input.type == 'checkbox') { Both resulted from the consolidation of political and economic power. It is assumed that these were royal graves. var _removed = false; addEvent(form_to_submit, 'submit', form_submit); new_tooltip.no_arrow = true; "); It had so many elements of the culture from the Mesopotamia region, this proves the fact that Mesopotamia cultures contributed greatly towards the Western civilization. var create_tooltip = function(elem, text) { With time, Uruk became the most prominent city of Sumer. var form_to_submit = document.getElementById('_form_1_'); if (!elems[i].checked) { Most boys were taught their father's trade or were apprenticed out to learn a trade. The most notable architectural remains from early Mesopotamia are the temple complexes at Uruk from the 4th millennium BC, temples and palaces from the Early Dynastic period sites in the Diyala River valley such as Khafajah and Tell Asmar, the Third Dynasty of Ur remains at Nippur (Sanctuary of Enlil) and Ur (Sanctuary of Nanna), Middle Bronze Age remains at Syrian-Turkish sites of Ebla, Mari, Alalakh, Aleppo and Kultepe, Late Bronze Age palaces at Hattusa, Ugarit, Ashur and Nuzi, Iron Age palaces and temples at Assyrian (Kalhu/Nimrud, Khorsabad, Nineveh), Babylonian (Babylon), Urartian (Tushpa/Van, Kalesi, Cavustepe, Ayanis, Armavir, Erebuni, Bastam) and Neo-Hittite sites (Karkamis, Tell Halaf, Karatepe). The theme of the rituals and festivals for each month was determined by at least six important factors: Some songs were written for the gods but many were written to describe important events. Leick, G. The A to Z of Mesopotamia. The irrigation and farming were easie… script.src = url; Mesopotamia trade grew organically from the crossroads nature of the civilizations that dwelt between the rivers and the fertility of the land. } Much of it’s earliest structures have now been lost to rising water levels which have steadily been increasing over the last few hundred years. The earliest-known civilization was Sumer in southern Mesopotamia. var allInputs = form_to_submit.querySelectorAll('input, select, textarea'), tooltips = [], submitted = false;

The characters of the syllabary were all arranged and named, and elaborate lists were drawn up. Through vigorous research, cross-disciplinary analysis, and traditional practices our community is creating the most progressive conversation on planet earth. In addition, Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic. elem.className = elem.className + ' _has_error'; } The earliest-known civilization was Sumer in southern Mesopotamia. decodeURIComponent(results[1]) : false; This land is often called the "Cradle of Civilization". Mesopotamia is a term used to refer to a historical region in western Asia within the Tigris–Euphrates river system.Though not certain, it is generally regarded as the place where human societies first emerged and thus it is often referred to as the “cradle of civilization”.Mesopotamia was the place where the earliest historically important cities developed such as Uruk, Nineveh and Babylon. In the time before ancient Mesopotamia is found in the record, were the first signs and evidence of modern civilization. oldFunc.apply(this, arguments); } else { In every city state king was the highest authority. The oldest pictorial record of the Oud dates back to the Uruk period in Southern Mesopotamia over 5000 years ago. } else if (elem.type =='checkbox') { no_error = false; Source. Ancient Mesopotamians had ceremonies each month. } Here the first human civilizations were taking the earliest steps from hunter-gatherer societies into settled community. "'Fertile crescent', 'Orient', 'Middle East': the changing mental maps of Southeast Asia,", Thompson, William R. (2004) "Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns, and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation" (Vol 3, Journal of World-Systems Research), Finkelstein, J.J. (1955), "Subartu and Subarian in Old Babylonian Sources", (Journal of Cuneiform Studies Vol 9, No. The Sumerians were primarily a trading culture, building ships and other transport vessels to enable the exchange of things like ivory, copper, leather and precious stones. Examination of the laws show a progressive weakening of the rights of women, and increasing severity in the treatment of slaves[56]. no_error = false; It was located in North Eastern Africa. They produced very little sculpture in the round, except for colossal guardian figures, often the human-headed lamassu, which are sculpted in high relief on two sides of a rectangular block, with the heads effectively in the round (and also five legs, so that both views seem complete). For a long time, scholars believed that Mesopotamia was the first civilization. It is usually used to designate the area until the Muslim conquests, with names like Syria, Jazira, and Iraq being used to describe the region after that date. Around 3500: City-states in southern Mesopotamia develop, and form the culture we call Sumer. var serialized = _form_serialize(document.getElementById('_form_1_')); Because of irrigation, southern Mesopotamia was rich in agricultural products, including a variety of fruits and vegetables, nuts, … The word Ensi was used to describe the official who organized the work of all facets of temple agriculture. This growth was remarkable in the region of Sumeria, where the cities of Eridu, Uruk, Ur, Kish, Nuzi, Nippur and Ngirsu were born. Esagil-kin-apli's Diagnostic Handbook was based on a logical set of axioms and assumptions, including the modern view that through the examination and inspection of the symptoms of a patient, it is possible to determine the patient's disease, its aetiology, its future development, and the chances of the patient's recovery. } var radios = form_to_submit.elements[el.name]; In Seleucid and Parthian times, the astronomical reports were thoroughly scientific; how much earlier their advanced knowledge and methods were developed is uncertain. validate_field(this, true); var tooltip = null, value = elem.value, no_error = true; 2.3: War and Empire Mesopotamia represents the earliest indications of large-scale warfare. script.type = 'text/javascript'; For most other essential goods, such as metal ores and timber, Mesopotamia needed t… _load_script('https://humanoriginproject.activehosted.com/proc.php?' The image depicts a female crouching with her instruments upon a boat, playing right-handed. Another common name was "shepherd", as kings had to look after their people. for (var i = 0; i < tooltips.length; i++) { 190 BC). When Assyria grew into an empire, it was divided into smaller parts, called provinces. The demands for labor has from time to time led to population increases that push the limits of the ecological carrying capacity, and should a period of climatic instability ensue, collapsing central government and declining populations can occur. They also believed that water was everywhere, the top, bottom and sides, and that the universe was born from this enormous sea. Mesopotamian civilizations formed on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is today Iraq and Kuwait. For a long time, scholars believed that Mesopotamia was the first civilization. Located in the area to the north of Sumer, Akkadia became established and a dominant force in Mesopotamia around 3000BC. } } tooltip = create_tooltip(elem, "Please select an option. In this way, it was easier to keep control of a large empire. The only Greek-Babylonian astronomer known to have supported a heliocentric model of planetary motion was Seleucus of Seleucia (b. This emerged in the mid-4th millennium BCE, with the appearance of the first cities on the Mesopotamian flood plain. The numerous civilizations of the area influenced the Abrahamic religions, especially the Hebrew Bible; its cultural values and literary influence are especially evident in the Book of Genesis. History of Mesopotamia, history of the region in southwestern Asia where the world’s earliest civilization developed. return el.name == 'email' || el.getAttribute('required') !== null; The Sumerians were expert long-distance traders, which made written records essential, recorded in a wedge-like script known as cuneiform on clay tablets. resize_tooltip(tooltip) : false; Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. (The Arabic name, with the definite article, is the source of the word 'lute'.). Books. window._old_serialize = null; } Uruk, the first and one of the largest cities in Mesopotamia, had a six miles long wall with defense towers located at 30-35 foot intervals. [40] Later, during the Parthian or Sasanian periods, the Baghdad Battery, which may have been the world's first battery, was created in Mesopotamia.[41]. The Sumerian calendar was lunisolar, with three seven-day weeks of a lunar month. Babylon was first built where the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers run closest to each other. While there are remains of works and palaces, restored by the Akkadians, no architectural sites have been found to know exactly what the buildings of the period looked like. They could own property and, if they had good reason, get a divorce. These eventually expanded into city-states that soon became the cornerstone of Sumeria. } In the city of Ur, most people were buried in family graves under their houses, along with some possessions. The Babylonian development of methods for predicting the motions of the planets is considered to be a major episode in the history of astronomy. } The early logographic system of cuneiform script took many years to master. var elems = form_to_submit.elements[elem.name], found = false, err = []; Unusually for that time in history, women in Mesopotamia had rights. Babylonian thought was axiomatic and is comparable to the "ordinary logic" described by John Maynard Keynes. Early settlers of fertile land in Mesopotamia used wooden plows to soften the soil before planting crops such as barley, onions, grapes, turnips, and apples. This entire history ends with either the arrival of the Achaemenid Empire in the late 6th century BC or with the Muslim conquest and the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD, from which point the region came to be known as Iraq. This is the currently selected item. } Vocabularies, grammars, and interlinear translations were compiled for the use of students, as well as commentaries on the older texts and explanations of obscure words and phrases. In AD 226, the eastern regions of Mesopotamia fell to the Sassanid Persians. An artist’s impression of the ancient Sumerian city of Uruk. } else { window._show_thank_you = function(id, message, trackcmp_url) { }; if (validate_form()) { Leick, G. Mesopotamia: The Invention of the Cities. var addEvent = function(element, event, func) { Mesopotamia (circa 3500 BCE – 500 BCE) Assyrian wall relief, detail of panorama with royal lion hunt. [43], Giorgio Buccellati believes that the origins of philosophy can be traced back to early Mesopotamian wisdom, which embodied certain philosophies of life, particularly ethics, in the forms of dialectic, dialogues, epic poetry, folklore, hymns, lyrics, prose works, and proverbs. It took over control of Sumer and the Levant at around 2300BC. It was here that the first written languages appear, around 3000BC, in the form of Cuneiform writing. In the time before ancient Mesopotamia is found in the record, were the first signs and evidence of modern civilization. window._form_serialize = window.serialize; Mesopotamia is Greek for ‘a land between two rivers’. The Protoliterate period, dominated by Uruk, saw the production of sophisticated works like the Warka Vase and cylinder seals. var oldFunc = element['on' + event]; var regexStr = '[\?&]' + name + '=([^&#]*)'; These include the symptoms for many varieties of epilepsy and related ailments along with their diagnosis and prognosis.[39]. if (elems[i].checked) no_error = true; } var form_submit = function(e) { r = true; Mesopotamia region was under the rule of theKing and his family and the other senior or high officials of the civilization included of the nobles,the priests and the military leaders. if (element.addEventListener) { } Around 10 000 BC, the first evidence of the first civilization include: After this period the rise to modern society begins. if (fieldVal) { At times a neutral city may act as an arbitrator for the two rival cities. It was located in North Eastern Africa. Many masterpieces have also been found at the Royal Cemetery at Ur (c. 2650 BC), including the two figures of a Ram in a Thicket, the Copper Bull and a bull's head on one of the Lyres of Ur. Houses are mostly known from Old Babylonian remains at Nippur and Ur. (Thayer Watkins) Sumer's major cities included Uruk and E ridu . Name of the main river used in ancient China. if (allInputs[i].type == "radio" || allInputs[i].type == "checkbox") { var results = new RegExp(regexStr, 'i').exec(window.location.href); His sons, Rimush, Manishtushi, Naram-Sin, grandson Naram-Sin, and great-grandson Shar-Kali-Sharri were the list of rulers. In addition, the Diagnostic Handbook introduced the methods of therapy and aetiology and the use of empiricism, logic, and rationality in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. This entire history ends with either the arrival of the Achaemenid Empirein the late 6th century BC or with the Muslim conquest and the establis… As a result, the political history of Sumer is one of almost constant warfare. Among the first cities in the region, it played a leading role in urbanization and state formation in Mesopotamia during what is known as the Uruk period. var head = document.querySelector('head'), script = document.createElement('script'), r = false; [49]:78–79, Hundreds of graves have been excavated in parts of Mesopotamia, revealing information about Mesopotamian burial habits. }; } else { Even before dominating the region they had continued the cylinder seal tradition with designs which are often exceptionally energetic and refined.[65]. The first ruler of the Akkadian empire was known as Sargon. Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus, and Chinese Civilizations — Graded Assignment The success of Egyptian civilization was largely due to the Nile River Correct! Mesopotamia is a Greek word for ‘Land between two rivers.’ It’s the region of Western Asia located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It was a hereditary monarchy, meaning that the country was ruled by a King who was succeeded by his sons upon his death. The Babylonians are also known for the Babylonian mile, which was a measure of distance equal to about seven modern miles (11 km). [citation needed] They attributed answers to these questions to explanations provided by their gods. } Mesopotamian people invented many technologies including metal and copper-working, glass and lamp making, textile weaving, flood control, water storage, and irrigation. 200. Hunting was popular among Assyrian kings. The head of an unrecorded Akkadian Ruler, Early Bronze Age, likely 2300-2200 BC. It was comparable in some ways to modern post-Keynesian economics, but with a more "anything goes" approach. Mesopotamia (circa 3500 BCE – 500 BCE) Assyrian wall relief, detail of panorama with royal lion hunt. [57] A little later there are a number of figures of large-eyed priests and worshippers, mostly in alabaster and up to a foot high, who attended temple cult images of the deity, but very few of these have survived. People called the Sumer moved into the land called Mesopotamia. They had complex irrigation canals that were dug to harness the silt-laden waters of the Tigris and Euphrates for farming. The whole story is a composite product, although it is probable that some of the stories are artificially attached to the central figure. Nipur, Lagash, Ur and Kish were the four major cities of the Sumerians. inner.className = '_error-inner'; } It is on a cylinder seal currently housed at the British Museum and acquired by Dr. Dominique Collon. Before 3100 BC, the Nile Valley held a series of competitive kingdoms. An early king Lugalbanda was supposed to have built the white walls around the city. Many Assyrian and Babylonian palace walls were decorated with the pictures of the successful fights and the enemy either desperately escaping or hiding amongst reeds. Some of the major Mesopotamian civilizations include … tooltip.className = '_error'; Along with Sumerian, Semitic languages were also spoken in early Mesopotamia. the escape/mutiny of the slave). 16. The river Euphrates crossed through its center, had a system of defensive walls that surrounded it and came to have a population of 200,000 inhabitants. The main cities of ancient Mesopotamia are shown in the map above Many Mesopotamian cities would be located areas where natural resources were abundant. };

var getUrlParam = function(name) { window._show_error = function(id, message, html) { no_error = false; if (results != undefined) { (_above|_below) ?/g, '') + ' _below'; The oldest civilization in ancient Mesopotamia was ancient Sumer. It’s a blend of confirmed history mixed with the more mysterious. They all had their own governor who had to make sure everyone paid their taxes. } if (elems[i].getAttribute('required') === null) continue; err ? if (html) { _load_script("//d3rxaij56vjege.cloudfront.net/form-serialize/0.3/serialize.min.js", function() { Mesopotamia vs Egypt Mesopotamia and Egypt are two different civilizations that show some difference between them when it comes to their history and growth. [60] The Burney Relief is an unusual elaborate and relatively large (20 x 15 inches) terracotta plaque of a naked winged goddess with the feet of a bird of prey, and attendant owls and lions. if (!submitted) { Babylonia was destroyed in 698 B.C by Assyrians under Sennacherib. The oldest civilization and most sprawling was Uruk, a thriving trading hub that boasted six miles of defensive walls and a population of between 40,000 and 80,000. Major Sumerian city-states included Eridu, Ur, Nippur, Lagash, and Kish. Email. Source. These songs provided a means of passing on through the centuries highly important information about historical events. The Akkadian empire is thought to be the first dynastic rulership to have existed. window._load_script = function(url, callback) { Thomas Dunne Books, 2014. The oud is regarded as a precursor to the European lute. The origins of astronomy as well as astrology date from this time. Ancient Mesopotamia and the Hebrew Bible. Over time the southernmost parts of Sumerian Mesopotamia suffered from increased salinity of the soils, leading to a slow urban decline and a centring of power in Akkad, further north. He was known as "the lawmaker", and soon Babylon became one of the main cities in Mesopotamia. }); It also became one of history's greatest centers of learning. if (!value.match(/^\d\d\d\d-\d\d-\d\d$/)) { The first cities in southern Mesopotamia emerged not in the heart of the floodplain, but at the edges of the great marshes where the Tigris and Euphrates slowly seeped into the Persian Gulf. Evidence of houses 4. Mesopotamia. The main cities of ancient Mesopotamia are shown in the map above Many Mesopotamian cities would be located areas where natural resources were abundant. [50], Irrigated agriculture spread southwards from the Zagros foothills with the Samara and Hadji Muhammed culture, from about 5,000 BC. Each Mesopotamian city was built around a temple and was governed by a priest. var match = document.cookie.match(new RegExp('(^|; )' + name + '=([^;]+)')); _load_script(trackcmp_url); var fieldVal = getUrlParam(allInputs[i].dataset.name); The study of ancient Mesopotamian architecture is based on available archaeological evidence, pictorial representation of buildings, and texts on building practices. This helped to form unions between cities, leading to regional states. Mesopotamia is considered the cradle, or beginning, of civilization. [52], The geography of southern Mesopotamia is such that agriculture is possible only with irrigation and good drainage, a fact which has had a profound effect on the evolution of early Mesopotamian civilization. } The world's first cities appeared in Mesopotamia and these cities were Babylon and Eridu. [26] The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence. found = true; var err = form_to_submit.querySelector('._form_error'), no_error = true; The empire would eventually collapse sometime after 2150bc, just a few hundred years after it was founded. [67] The ziggurat is the most distinctive form, and cities often had large gateways, of which the Ishtar Gate from Neo-Babylonian Babylon, decorated with beasts in polychrome brick, is the most famous, now largely in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. Sitting between ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley, Mesopotamia became a melting pot of trade, technology, writing, and religion for many of the early civilizations in pre-history. [48] Girls had to stay home with their mothers to learn housekeeping and cooking, and to look after the younger children. }; One of the most beautiful cities in the world and most important of Mesopotamia. Priests 3. The Babylonian astronomers were very adept at mathematics and could predict eclipses and solstices. tooltips[i].tip.parentNode.removeChild(tooltips[i].tip); They measured the circumference of a circle as three times the diameter and the area as one-twelfth the square of the circumference, which would be correct if π were fixed at 3. if (window.location.search.search("excludeform") !== -1) return false; Required fields are marked *. selected = false; Other Mesopotamian innovations include the control of water by dams and the use of aqueducts. Mesopotamia was the first society to have a full system of social order. Eventually these cities developed into the civilization of the Sumer. var err = form_to_submit.querySelector('._form_error'); The Sumerian writing system would revolutionize the way humans communicate and has influenced the world dramatically. no_error = false; } thank_you.innerHTML = message; Cradle of Civilization Many historians think that cities and towns were first formed in Sumer around 5000 BC. Some children would help with crushing grain or cleaning birds. tooltip.tip.className = tooltip.tip.className.replace(/ ? Like modern mathematics is a decimal system based on the number ten, the Sumerians mainly used a structure that was based around groupings of 60. At times one city would try to conquer and unify the region, but such efforts were resisted and failed for centuries. The arid environment ranges from the northern areas of rain-fed agriculture to the south where irrigation of agriculture is essential if a surplus energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) is to be obtained. The earliest language written in Mesopotamia was Sumerian, an agglutinative language isolate. Mesopotamia, which lies between the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers in what is now Iraq (the name comes from the Greek for “between rivers”), was one of the birthplaces of civilization. Mesopotamia housed historically important cities such as Uruk, Nippur, Nineveh, Assur and Babylon, as well as major territorial states such as the city of Eridu, the Akkadian kingdoms, the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the various Assyrian empires. Ancient Mesopotamian civilizations would leave influential footprints with language and cultural beliefs. } Egypt was built on both the sides of the River Nile. Assyria spread throughout most of the Fertile Crescent and even parts of Asia Minor. if (elem.options[i].selected && !elem.options[i].value) { Other than food items, Mesopotamia was rich in mud, clay and reeds out of which they built their cities. Giorgio Buccellati (1981), "Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia", CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (, Bibby, Geoffrey and Phillips, Carl (1996), "Looking for Dilmun" (Interlink Pub Group), Roux, Georges, (1993) "Ancient Iraq" (Penguin). The geography of Mesopotamia had a profound impact on the political development of the region. addEvent(input, 'input', function() { for (var i = 0; i < elems.length; i++) { [47] They also played majore, a game similar to the sport rugby, but played with a ball made of wood. (Journal of Near Eastern Studies Vol. }); The Babylonians also had theorems on how to measure the area of several shapes and solids. tooltip.className = '_error-inner _no_arrow'; Songs were sung to children who passed them on to their children. This form of mathematics was instrumental in early map-making. }; this.value = this.value.trim(); [14] Lower Mesopotamia is the area from Baghdad to the Persian Gulf and includes Kuwait and parts of western Iran. var div = document.createElement('div'); In the long span of this period, Mesopotamia housed some of the world's most ancient highly developed, and socially complex states. True False Question 2 10 / 10 pts The Indus Valley Civilization owes its success to the Huang He (Yellow) River. for (var i = 0; i < tooltips.length; i++) { The need for irrigation led the Sumerians, and later the Akkadians, to build their cities along the Tigris and Euphrates and the branches of these rivers. var selected = true; return no_error; for (var i = 0, len = allInputs.length; i < len; i++) { The structures of Babylon that still remain above the water date to well over a thousand years after it was first founded. It also includes Sumer’s lone female monarch in the form of Kubaba, a “woman tavern-keeper.”  She supposedly took the throne in the city-state of Kish sometime around 2500 B.C. var elems = form_to_submit.elements[elem.name]; if (!tooltips[i].no_arrow) resize_tooltip(tooltips[i]); Mesopotamians believed that the world was a flat disc,[42] surrounded by a huge, holed space, and above that, heaven. Akkadian fell into disuse, but both it and Sumerian were still used in temples for some centuries. Although music and songs amused kings, they were also enjoyed by ordinary people who liked to sing and dance in their homes or in the marketplaces. ", https://he.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ארם_נהריים, https://www.bible.com/bible/114/PSA.60.NKJV, https://biblehub.com/deuteronomy/23-4.htm, https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Judges%203%3A8&version=NIV&interface=amp, "Migrants from the Near East 'brought farming to Europe, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region, ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim, Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&oldid=1011147242, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles needing additional references from July 2018, All articles needing additional references, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles containing Aramaic-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The phase of the annual agricultural cycle, Commemoration of specific historical events (founding, military victories, temple holidays, etc.).

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